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Charter fallout misjudged
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ACCORDING to tradition, Themis, goddess of justice, had the ability to foresee events.
Sadly, few judges have the ability to see the future consequences of their jurisprudence.
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was proclaimed in force April 17, 1982. A torrent of Charter decisions soon reached the Supreme Court of Canada and the Court began fleshing out Charter jurisprudence with decisions emphasising the significance of the Legal Rights sections including a criminal's right to counsel, a right against unreasonable search, and a right to remain silent. Ostensibly, these existed to safeguard innocent, law abiding citizens from the same encroachments.
This actualization of individual legal rights soon turned a reasonably effective criminal justice system into a happy-hunting ground for defendants and their charter-sharp lawyers.
When the common law was supplanted by the Charter, truth took a backseat to rights, and trials of criminals morphed into trials focussed on the way police had investigated suspects.
With her acumen, Themis would have warned the Court that a mishmash of decisions making the rights of criminals paramount would have a sclerotic effect on criminal justice, followed by erosion of the public's confidence in the judiciary.
In a quartet of judgments released on July 17, the Supreme Court of Canada revisited two important and contentious areas of Charter jurisprudence: the definition of "detention," and the test for exclusion of evidence tainted by a Charter violation.
This rare act of judicial introspection was fated by four separate appeals: R. v. Grant, R. v. Suberu, R. v. Harrison, and R v. Shepherd. The cases demonstrated that existing case law was difficult to apply and could lead to "unsatisfactory results." Buried in the middle of the decision in R. v. Grant is an explanation by the majority of the Court of such "unsatisfactory results" as they relate to Section 24 of the Charter (which deals with evidence obtained in a way that infringes on an individual's rights)."The greatest difficulty is … physical evidence discovered as a result of an unlawfully obtained statement. The cases refer to this evidence as derivative evidence (a handgun) …at issue in this case.
"The common law's automatic exclusion of involuntary statements (was) based on a sense that it is unfair to conscript a person against himself and, most importantly, on a concern about the unreliability of compelled statements. However, the common law drew the line of automatic inadmissibility at the statements themselves and not the physical or "real" evidence (a handgun) found as a result of information garnered from such statements. The public interest in getting at the truth through reliable evidence was seen to outweigh concerns related to self-incrimination.
"Section 24 (2) of the Charter implicitly overruled the common law practice of always admitting reliable derivative evidence. Instead, the judge is required to consider whether admission of derivative evidence obtained through a charter breach would bring the administration of justice into disrepute."
When I look back on 20 years of judicial experience with the Charter I realize that wherever a charter violation was established, derivative evidence was almost invariably excluded. It was horse-and-carriage reasoning: that you can't have one without the other.
In R. v. Grant the Court has rearranged existing criteria to be considered by trial judges in deciding whether derivative physical evidence obtained in the course of an unlawful arrest/detention should be excluded. But the Court has not grounded its rearrangement of the criteria on the public's perception that too-frequent exclusion of derivative evidence has already brought disrepute and disrespect to the criminal law and the criminal justice system. Justice Deschamps delivered partially concurring reasons including his observation that the new test proposed by the majority was problematic and inconsistent. Deschamps proposed that trial judges consider only two disparate and competing objectives: the public interest in protecting Charter rights and the public interest in having all criminal cases tried on their merits, saying that "it is by striking a fair balance between these two societal interests that this result will be attained."
Deschamps emphasised the importance of the public interest in having cases tried on their merits; that exclusion of reliable evidence without good reason is an abdication of the institutional role of the courts; and that "the importance of the factor of the seriousness of the offence must be recognized, given society's strong interest in being protected from the commission of serious crimes."
The Court seems finally to have realized that continuation of exclusionary rulings involving derivative evidence will sweep away the last vestiges of faith that Canadians once had in our system of criminal justice.
There was a time when the essence of our criminal law was its public nature; a time when it was the particular responsibility of police, prosecutors, and judges to enforce it fairly and impartially; a time when we had peace and order in our communities.
It was a solemn constitutional trust responsibly carried out on behalf of law abiding Canadians.
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Evidence in home invasion case disallowed
Gary Dimmoc, 14 Feb 2015, Ottawa
Key evidence in a home invasion case has been tossed out after a judge said Ottawa police unlawfully arrested, and unreasonably searched and detained, a suspect for 16 hours without grounds in what he described as a “gratuitous insensitivity” to the young man’s Charter rights.
“There is no way to sugar-coat or gloss over these infringements. Our system is designed to ensure that citizens are not arbitrarily arrested. ... It is designed to respect the presumption of innocence. Here, the police held a man for 16 hours without grounds or legitimate purposes,” Ontario Superior Court Justice Rick Leroy ruled in a Feb. 9 decision.
Soulieman Mohammed, now 23, was pulled over in the early hours of July 1, 2011 when an Ottawa police officer noticed he was driving with no headlights on. The Honda wasn’t licensed and its plate, registered to another car, had expired back in 2008.
Unlike his two passengers who declined to identify themselves, Mohammed was co-operative. Police found bags of marijuana stuffed in the passengers’ underwear, but Mohammed was clean and denied knowing his passengers had weed that had been packaged in 32 small bags for street sale.
Still, police arrested Mohammed on drug-trafficking charges, towed his car and sent him to the police cellblock, where he was held at length because there was no detective available. Judge Leroy said Mohammed never should have been jailed, saying that possession of marijuana for the purpose of trafficking is not a crime that merits detention.
Once in the cellblock, the police went through evidence seized from the car and linked it to a June 28, 2011 home invasion. The evidence included computers, cellphones and a wallet.
The judge ruled that because Mohammed’s arrest was unlawful, the ensuing search and detention were also unreasonable, and threw out key evidence in the Crown’s case.
The judge said the officer had no grounds to arrest Mohammed on drug-trafficking charges in the first place.
He said it was the bad arrest that tainted everything that came afterward, including statements the suspect made to police, which were also excluded from Crown evidence this week.
“I do not accept that an ordinary prudent and cautious person in the officer’s position would conclude that (Mohammed) was probably guilty of possession for the purpose of trafficking. There are too many innocent explanations.
“The prospect for conviction based on the known evidence was non-existent. The constable drew unsupportable inferences to get to reasonable and probable grounds to arrest (Mohammed). He concluded knowledge, consent and control without any logically connecting evidence,” Judge Leroy wrote.
The judge said the community has an interest in a legal system that operates within the law, and said that the admission of evidence in this case would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.
“What is most troubling about this case is both the ignorance of and disregard for basic Charter rights demonstrated by some of the officers involved,” said Michael Purcell, the defence lawyer who filed the successful application to exclude the tainted evidence from trial.
“These rights are simple, guaranteed and essential knowledge for all police officers.”
Mohammed is charged with two counts of forcible confinement, unlawfully being in a dwelling, one count of conspiracy to commit an indictable offence, possession of a weapon and two counts of uttering threats. He returns to court in April but it’ll be difficult for the Crown to prosecute him now that the key evidence has been excluded from trial.